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Materials for the Study of Shaykhism 2015

 أحمد بن زين الدين الأحسائي 

Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Din al-Aḥsā'ī

(d.1241/1826)

A Select, Annotated, Alphabetical Listing of Sources for the Study of the Shaykhi School of Shi`i Islam.

Stephen N. Lambden.
Under revision, reorganization and replacement (see URLs below on this Website). Univ. of Ohio at Athens  2000> 

The alphabetically organized (bio-) bibliographical notes below will attempt to list  books and other writings of importance for the study of al-Shaykhiyya (= Shaykhism), the name given to the twelver Shī`ī movement originating with Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī (d.1241/1826). Neither the latter spiritual genius nor his Persian successor Sayyid Kāẓim Rashtī (d.1259/1843) intended to form a new sect or faction but to set forth Shī`ī, imamologically inspired insights into the significance of Islam in the, for some, eschatologically charged late 18th- early 19th century.

        The foundational writings of Shaykh Ahmad al-Aḥsā'ī and Sayyid Kāẓim al-Husayni al-Rashti (d. 1259/1843) and their various Shaykhi successors - selectively listed in the well-known Shaykhi Fihrist ("Index") of Āqā Ḥajjī `Abu'l-Qāsim ibn Zayn al-Abidin Khān al-Ibrahīmī [Kirmani](1314-1389 /1896-1969)  - will not be listed below (see the Momen and Lambden annotated translations on this site). Included here are biographical studies pertaining to Shaykhi leaders and examinations of their thought, writings, milieu and other aspects of their lives, writings and associates.

        Persian, Arabic, European and other language writings on the significance of the first two foundational Shaykhi leaders and the persons, writings and influence of post-Sayyid Kāẓim (1259/1843) claimants to Shaykhī leadership will, in other words, be detailed here. Included will be lists of the writings of Shaykhi followers of various backgronds and factions, whether champions, apologists, antagonists or biographers. Diverse and varied materials pertaining to the Shi`i religious phenomenon known as al-Shaykhiyya (Shaykhism) are selectively listed on this and related pages.

MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF SHAYKHISM

`Abd-Allāh ibn Ahmad al-Aḥsā'ī, Shaykh.

  • Sharḥ-i ḥālāt-i Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī. Bombay 1309/1892-3.  A very influential short Persian treatise upon the life of Shaykh Aḥmad by one of his sons.
  • Risālah-i Fārsīyah-i Sharḥ-i ḥālāt by ʻAbd Allāh Aḥsāʼī  [Bombay : s. n.], 1310/1892-3. In Series: (Princeton University Arabic collection ; cn. 9100441.08).  A Persian translation of the above from the Arabic by Muḥammad Ṭāhir. 96 pp.
  • Sharḥ aḥvāl-i Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Aḥsāʼī keh Muḥammad Ṭāhir Khān... by ʻAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʼī. Kirman, Chāpkhāneh-yi Saʻādat , 1387/ 1967. "Tadhkirat al-awliyāʼ dar ṣharḥ-i aḥvāl-i Muḥammad Karīm Khān Kirmāni": p. 53-end.p. 53-end. +  7, 181 pp.

Shaykh`Alī Naqī ibn Shaykh Ahmad al-Aḥsā'ī (d. 23 Dhu'l-Ḥijjah 1246 / 4th June 1831).

  • Minhāj al-Sālikīn. 2nd ed. Kuwait : Jāmi` al-Imam al-Sādiq. 1419/1998 [Hajji Mirza `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ḥā'iri al-Ihqāqī]. 514pp. [Index]. Has 5 sections with subsections and a conclusion. Part 1 is about al-`aql (the intellect) and `uqalā ("intellectuals") as well as `ilm (knowledge) and the `ulamā' (clerics, divines..) 

This sizeable work of a son of Shaykh Aḥmad was completed 27th Dhu`l-Hijja 1244 AH = 30th June 1829,  a few years before the passing of its author.  For some further details see Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī, al-Taḥqīq fī madrasa  al-awḥad,  p. 221ff. where a further 9-10 of his works are listed.

Amanat, Abbas,

  • Resurrection and Renewal, The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850. Ithaca and London: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989.     Pt.1 Ch.2  pp. 48-69 is  a section headed `The Shaykhi School'. 

Amīr, ʻAbd al-Jalīl Amīr  أمير، عبد الجليل  . 

  • فكر ومنهج : دراسة تحليلية حول فكر ومنهج مدرسة الشيخ أحمد الإحسائي =   Fikr wa-manhaj : dirāsah taḥlīlīyah ḥawla fikr wa-manhaj madrasat al-Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʼī.  Beirut : Dār al-Funūn, 1993. 124pp.
  • شرح حياة النفس في حضرة القدس = Sharḥ ḥayāt al-nafs fī ḥaḍrat al-Quds by Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Aḥsāʼī;.   Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Balāgh lil-Ṭibāʻah wa'l-Nashr wa'l-Tawzīʻ, 2006.
  • كتاب المخازن واللمعات والبراهين الساطعة  = Kitāb al-makhāzin wa'l-lamaʻāt wa'l-barāhīn al-sāṭiʻah 
  • Kitāb al-makhāzin wa-al-lamaʻāt wa-al-barāhīn al-sāṭiʻah by كوهر، حسن. Ḥasan Kawhar; ed. ʻAbd al-Jalīl Amīr Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Balāgh : Muʼassasat Shams Hajr, 2006.
  •  

Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (in collaboration with Sabine Schmidtke),

  • Twelver-Shî'ite Ressources in Europe. The Shî'ite Collection at the Oriental Department of the University of Cologne, the Fonds Henry Corbin and the Fonds Shaykhî at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris. With a Catalogue of the Fonds Shaykhî », Journal asiatique 285, 1997, pp. 73-122

Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali

  • `Une absence remplie de présences. Herméneutiques de l'Occultation chez les Shaykhiyya' (Aspects de l'imamologie duodécimaine VII) », Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64 (1), 2001, p. 1-18 (Eng. trans. in R. Brunner et W. Ende [éd.], The Twelver Shia in Modern Times. Religious Culture and Political History, Leiden, Brill, 2001) as `An Absence filled with Presences: Shaykhiyya Hermeneutics of the Occultation (Aspects of Twelver Shi`ite Imamology VII), pp. 38-57.

Anvari, Muhammad Javad.

  • `al-Aḥsā'ī, Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Din ibn Ibrahim' in Dā'irat al-ma`ārif buzurg-i islāmī  (`The Great Islamic Encyclopedia', in Persian and Arabic editions), ed. Kāẓim Musavī  Bujnurdī, vol. 6, Tehran: Markiz Dā'irat al-ma`ārif buzurg-i islāmī ...   1373/1995), pp. 662-668.

 A substantial  article in a major, ongoing Persian [+Arabic] encyclopedia. 

The Baraghani-Qazvini family: URL

Bayat, Mangol.

  • Mysticism and Dissent, Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran. Series : Modern Intellectual and Political History of the Middle East.  Syracuse University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-8156-2260 

  • 2nd Pbk edition  Syracuse Univ Pr  April 2000 = ISBN-10: 0815628536
    ISBN-13: 978-0815628538. 228pp.
     

Behmardi, Vahid (ed.), Sayyid Kāzim b. Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī

  •  Risālat  as-Suluk fī'l-Ahlāq wa'l-A`māl.  von as-Sayyid Kāzim b. Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī  ( = Orient-Instirur der DMG Beirut / Beiruter Texte und Studien 93) Ergon Verlag Würzburg in Kommission, 1st printing 2004. PBk. 120pp. Ar.+ 7pp.Eng. ISBN 3-899813-340-4.

The first 30 or so pages (pp. 9-40) of this excellent new critical edition  consists of a detailed introduction by Behmardi to the aforementioned  (loosely) `Treatise on the Ethics and Good Deeds accompanying  the [Spiritual] Path'. It is  based upon 3 mss., one in Behmardi's personal library and two in Princeton Univ. Library (see pp. 36-40 and the clear  reproductions of the 1st and last pages between [unpaginated] pp. 41-49). The Behmardi edition is printed from page 50-94 and is followed by  detailed annotations (pp. 95-113) and a bibliography  of sources cited and consulted (pp.115-120). Behmardi does not give any details of the relationship of his edition and the various other middle eastern printings of  Sayyid Kāẓim Rashtī's al-Suluk ila Allah  - see further the abstract and other details in the Sayyid Kazim bibliography of this Website. 

An accomplished Arabist with a doctorate from the Univ. of Cambridge (UK), Prof. Behmardi thas taught at the Lebanese American University, Beirut. He specializes in Abbasid Literature, Islamic Mysticism and Intellectual developments in Iran during the Qajar period.

Brunner, Rainer  and Werner Ende (eds.),

  • 2001 The Twelver Shia in modern times : religious culture & political history . edited by Rainer Brunner and Werner Ende. Brill: Leiden, Boston, Koln. 2001. ISBN 9004118039 OCLC # 44518259. Vol. 72 in the series, `Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia,  1385-3376'.

This magnificent volume rich in contributions dealing with Shaykhism and other matters of considerable interest, contains a Preface ix-xx (Brunner and Ende); List of Contributors (pp.  xxi-xxii) and Four Parts: Part One `Theology and Learning` (pp. 3-93 = six papers); Part Two, `Internal Debates and the Role of Dissidents' (pp.97-219 = seven papers); Part Three, `Ideology and Politics in the Twentieth Century' (pp. 223-297=  five papers) and Part Four `The Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran' (pp. 301-364 =  three papers), Bibliography and Abbreviations (pp.365-382), and index (pp.383-395).

The papers dealing with Shaykhism (al-Shaykhiyya) in this volume are:

Juan R.I. Cole.

  • `Casting Away the Self: The Mysticism of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī' (pp. 25-37) ( cf. Cole below).

Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (cf. above),

  • `An Absence filled with Presences: Shaykhiyya Hermeneutics of the Occultation  (Aspects of Twelver Shi`ite Imamology VII) (pp. 38-57. An English trans. originally entitled, `Une absence remplie de présences. Herméneutiques de l'Occultation chez les Shaykhiyya' . Part seven in a series of articles entitled, `Aspects de l'imamologie duodécimaine' ( = Aspects of Twelver Shi`ite Imamology VII), pp. 38-57.

Naqvi, Syed Hussain Arif.

  • `The Controversy about the Shaikhiyya Tendency among Shia `ulamā' in Pakistan' pp. 135-149.

It is here stated that "Shaykhism is almost as old in the [Indian] subcontinent as it is in Iraq and Iran" (p. 137). In this essay the identity of the 9th of the Ḥurufat-i Ḥayy (abjad ḥayy = 18), `Letters of the Living', the first 18 disciples of the Bāb) is given as Shaykh Sa`īd-i [Hindi the Indian] al-Multānī (Naqvi, p. 137 citing Şābir Āfāqī,  Nujūm-i ḥidāyat (Karachi, BPT., 1987, p.95).

Also of central interest for Shaykhī studies is the article by   Guido Steinberg,  `The Shi`ites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (al-Aḥsā), 1913-1953' in ibid. pp. 236-254. 

______________

al-Būshafīʻ al-Aḥsāʼī, Aḥmad ʻAbd al-Wahhāb /  أحمد عبد الوهاب البوشفيع الأحسائي  (ed.)

  • شمس حجر =  Shams ḥajar by Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Aḥsāʼī , ʻAbd Allāh Aḥsāʼī; (ed) Aḥmad ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Būshafīʻ     Beirut: Lajnat Iḥyāʼ Turāth Madrasat al-Shaykh al-Awḥad, 2003. 256pp.
  • نجاة الهالكين في بيان حصر العلل الأربع في محمد وآله الطاهرين  = Najāt al-hālikīn fī bayān ḥaṣar al-ʻilāl al-arbaʻ fī Muḥammad wa-ālihi al-ṭāhirīn. Beirut : Dār al-Maḥabbah al-Bayḍāʼ : Lajnat Iḥyāʼ Turāth Madrasat al-Shaykh al-Awḥad al-Aḥsāʼī, 2003.
  • اسرار حديث الكساء وسر تكرار فاطمة في حديث الكساء = Asrār ḥadīth al-Kisāʼ wa-sirr tikrār Fāṭimah fī ḥadīth al-Kisāʼ. Beirut: al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʼ, 1431/2010.
  • مختصر شرح حياة الأرواح  = Mukhtaṣar Sharḥ Ḥayāt al-arwāḥ. Beirut: Lajnat Iḥyāʼ Turāth Madrasat al-Shaykh al-Awḥad al-Aḥsāʼī, 2003.
  • علم المحجة = ʻAlam al-maḥajjah.

Chahārdahī.  Murtazā Mudarrisī (ADD-ADD).    

  • Shaykh-i Aḥmad-i Aḥsā'ī.  Tehran:  ʻAlī Akbar ʻIlmī, 1334 Sh. / 1955 CE., 53pp. 
  • Add
  • •Shaykhīgarī  Bābīgarī.  2nd Ed. Tehran: ADD  1351/1972.
  • Add

MacEoin refers to these two vols.  as confused and unreliable.

Cole, Juan, R. I.,

  • `Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i and the Sources of religious authority' . Paper delivered at the centre for Iranian Studies, Columbia University, October 1993.  Now published in Linda S. Walbridge ed. The Most Learned of the Shi`a, The Institution of the Marja` Taqlid. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 82-93.
  • 1994 `The world as Text: Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa`i', Studia Islamica 80 (1994),145-163. H-Bahai URL http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai2.htm
  • 1993 "Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsà'î on the Sources of Religious Authority", paper delivered at the Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University, October 1993.
  • Available http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/ahsai1.htm
  • 1997 "Individualism and the Spiritual Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsā'ī"  H-Net (H-Baha'i),  Occasional, Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies no. 4 (September, 1997). .
  • 2001 "Casting Away the Self. The Mysticism of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i" in Ral Brunner and Werner Ende, eds., The Twelver Shia in Modern Times (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001).

(ed.). `Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsā'ī Collected Works: al-A'mal al-Kamilah'.

H-Bahai website Note: "This paper is forthcoming in print form in a book on Shi`ism edited by Lynda Clarke and Mahmoud Ayyoub, and appears here in digital form [on the H-Bahai Website]  with their kind permission".

  • Sacred Space and Holy War, The Politics, Culture and History of Shi`ite Islam. London/New York : I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 2002. 250pp.+ index.  ISBN   186064 736 7 (Pbk);  186064 761 8.     A collection of eleven papers containing 15 or more references  relating to Shaykhi studies. 

Corbin, Henry (d. 1978).

 

Add URLs for biography, bibliography, etc.

"Henry Corbin (d. 1978) was professor of Islamic relgion at the Sorbonne and director of the department of Iranic studies at the Institut franco-iranien in Tehran. His wide-ranging work included the first translations of Heidegger into French, studies in Swedenbort and Boehme, writings on the Grail and angelology, and definitive translations of and commentary on Persian Islamic/Sufi texts. He introduced us to such seminal terms as the 'imaginal' realm, ta'wil, and 'theophany' into Western psychospiritual thought. His published works include Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, and The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism" (Publishers Note).

  • En Islam iranien, Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. Tome IV L'Ecole d'Ispahan, L-Ecole shaykhie Le Douzieme Imam.

This 4th volume of Corbin's ground-breaking En Islam Iranien  (first published in 1972) after a consideration of the `School of Isfahan' deals in considerable detail (pp. 205-300 ed. Gallimard, 1972) with `The Shaykhi school' and its leading figures, followed by a section centering on the question of the messianic 12th Imam/ Qā'im.

  • L-École Shaykhie en Théologie Shî`ite.  Extrait de'l-Annuaire 1960-61  (Ecole Practique des Hautes Etudes Section des Sciences Religieuses). Reproduction Anastatique. Traduction Persane  par Feredoun Bahmanyar. Pages 1-59 in French with the title `L-École Shaykhie en Théologie Shî`ite'  then its Persian Translation by Dr. Feredoun Bahmanyar pp.1-105 to which there is also a 3 page French Preface by Corbin dated Tehran December 1966/ Azar 1345. The Persian front, cover page is entitled:  Maktab Shaykhī āz ḥikmat-i ilāhī shī `ī  bi-qalam Henri Corbin .. with Persian trans. Dr. Feridoun Bahmanyar. Tehran Chāp-Tābān, 1347/1967.
  • Add 1999/2000 (?) Persian trans.  of   En Islam Iranien...

  • Nazrat al-Faylasuf fi sirat al-Shaykh al-Ahsa'i wa'l-Sayyid al-Rashtial-Faylasuf al-Faransi al-Duktur Henri Corbin.... ed. Radi Nasir al-Salmantranslated by Khalil Zamil. Beirut + Damascus..1423/2002
  •  

  • Terre celéste et corps de résurrection de'l-Iran Mazdéen a 'l-Iran Shi`ite. Paris: XX., 1960.  Eng. trans. Nancy Pearson =
  • Spiritual body and celestial Earth : from Mazdean Iran to Shiʻite Iran [Series: Bollingen series, XCI, 2]. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, ©1977.  2nd ed. Princeton, 1989.
  • Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth, From Mazdean Iran to Shī`ite Iran. 3rd ed. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 1990.

In the above work Ch. IX = `The Shaykhī School: Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī (d.1241/1826) and includes:

  •  1. Physiology of the Resurrection Body pp. 180-189. Extract translated from the Sharḥ al-Ziyāra (Lithograph, Tabriz, 1276/1859), 369-370.
  • 2. On the Esoteric Meaning of the Tomb pp.189-191. Extract from the Risālat al-qāṭifiyya in Jawāmi` al-kalim I/2 (3rd Risāla), p.136.
  • 3. The Heavens and Elements of Hūrqalyā pp.191-197.Extracts from the reply to Mullā Muhammad Husayn Anari Kirmani, in Jawāmi` al-kalim I/3 ( 9th Risāla), pp.153-4.
  • 4. Alchemy and the Resurrection Body pp.197-210. Translated from an Epistle for Fatḥ `Alī Shah Qajar (d. 1834) in Jawāmi` al-kalim I/1 (5th Risāla), pp.122-4.
  • 5. The Active Imagination and the Resurrection Body pp. 210-221 = Extracts translated from Kitab Sharh ḥikmat al-`arshiyya, (Lithograph Tabriz, 1278/1861) pp.175-6, 179-80, 186-7.
  • Ch. X = Shaykhī Hajji Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani...
  • 1. In what sense is the Body of the Faithful Believer is the  Earth of His Paradise. pp.222-236 = Extract from the Persian Irshād al-`awāmm. .. Kirman 1354/1935 vol.1 Pt. ii pp. 48-9, 66-68,271,277,282-6.
  • 2. A World in Ascent, Not in Evolution. pp.236-239 = Extract trans from Irshād al-`awāmm. .. Kirman 1354/1935 vol.2 Pt. 3 pp.274-5.
  • Ch. XI = Shaykhī Abu'l-Qasim Khan Ibrahimi  (Sarkar Agha). Fifth successor to Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i (b.1314/1896).

The Celestial Earth of Hurqalya and the Shiite Faith, pp. 240-268.

Extract translated from the Persian Tanzīh al-awliyā.  Kirman 1367/1947, 5th Question, pp. 702-726.

 Further works of Henry Corbin containing materials pertaining to Shaykhism.

  • Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn `Arabi, trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Realisme et Symbolisme des Couleurs en Cosmologie Shi`ite'. Paper delivered at the annual Eranos Conference (at Ascona Ticino, Switzerland) in  1972, which had the theme `Le Monde des Couleurs' The proceedings were first published in Eranos-Jahrbuch XLI (1972), (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1974) with the lengthy Corbin paper being on pp.109-175(6).  This paper  also appears in the 1980 French volume of collected papers  of Henri Corbin entitled Tempel et Contemplation (Paris: Flammarion et Cie) which was  translated into English by Philip Sherrard in the (Isma'ili) series `Islamic Texts and Contexts' as  Temple and Contemplation (London, Boston, Henley:  KPI. 1986 ). In this English volume the Corbin paper is entitled, `The Realism and Symbolism of Colours in Shi`ite Cosmology' , According the "Book of the Red Hyacinth" by Shaykh Muḥammad Karīm Khān Kirmānī (d. 1870).

As indicated this paper, put out in translation by the Institute of Isma'ili Studies (London) is 54 pp long in the English  translation of a work of the 3rd Kirmānī Shaykhī leader. The original Arabic [+Persian] treatise of Karīm Khān Kirmānī  was entitled [Kitāb] Yāqūtih aḥmar (lit. "The [Book of] the Red Ruby"). It deals with the phenomenon of colour in general which also pertains in subtle ways in suprasensible, spiritual worlds (Pt.I)   then with the colour red (aḥmar)  in particular (Pt. II)  The 1060 verse Arabic original  has once been published in  the series Majmu`a  al-rasā'il   vol. 71  (Kirmānī, Fihrist, no. 484, p. 421)

ADD SCAN...

It might also be noted here that the volume, `Color Symbolism, Six Excerpts from the Eranos Yearbook 1972' (Dallas, Texas: Spring Publications Inc. 1974+1977) does not contain the Corbin paper.

Dehkhodā, Alī Akbar Qazvīnī, (1879-1956). Born. Tehran c. 1297/1879 d.  Tehran 7th Esfand 1334 Sh. / 26th February 1956.

His Persian [Shī`ī] Encyclopedic Dictionary, the  Lughat-Nāmeh contains some useful entries covering Shaykhī subjects, including:   ADD

Fihrist (Index) of the Writings of the Shaykhi leaders with other materials.

See below under Ibrāhīmī, Abū al-Qāsim Khān Ibrāhīmī and other links here on the main Shaykhism Page.

Ḥasan Fuyūḍāt,  ،حسن.فيوضات 

  • ‏مدخل الى فلسفة الشيخ احمد بن زين الدين الاحسائي ‏
  • Madkhal ilá falsafat al-Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn al-Aḥsāʼī.‏ Beirut : Lajnat Iḥyāʼ Turāth Madrasat al-Shaykh al-Awḥas al-Aḥsāʼi : tawzīʻ Dār al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʼ, 1424 / 2003 or 4. 118pp.

Ḥasan, Shaykh Muhammad.

  • Ākhir al-falāsifah : ruʼyah ʻaṣrīyah jadīdah fī fikr al-Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsāʼī. Beirut: : Muʼassasat al-Fikr al-Islāmī, 2003. 252pp. Listed in World Cat.

  • Gawhar al-Shahīr, Shaykh / Mīrzā Ḥasan ibn `Alī  .. al-Dāghī al-Tabrīzī  (d. 1266/ 1849).  
  • Sharh ḥayāt al-arwāḥ ("Commentary upon the Life of the Spirits")

3rd edition (printing) Dawlat al-Kuwait : (`Abd al-Rasūl al-Iḥqāqī) Jāmi` al-Imam al-Muhammadādiq, 1423/2002. 881pp. + Index pp. 883-4. Hbk. Beautifully printed in Kuwait. this volume by the Adhirbayjani  born anti-Babi Shaykhi with the laqab Jawhar or Gawhar deals with the centrally important Shi`i doctrines : Sect. 1 On Tawḥīd (the Divine Unity) pp.27-112 in 5 sub-sections; Sect.2 on `Adl (the Divine Justice) pp.115 -208  in 24 subsections; Sect. 3 on Nubuwwa (Prophethood ) pp. 213-302 in 5 (+1) subsections; Sect. 4 on the Imāma (the Imamate), pp.351-678 with 5 sub-sections; Sect. 5 On  al-Ma`ad al-jismānī (On the [Eschatological] Bodily Return pp. 679-880 in  5 subsections.  This  very bulky volume... ADD details.... 

For biographical notes in Taliqani, al-Shaykhiyya, pp.183-6. ADD..

Hamid, Idris Samawi,

  • The Metaphysics and Cosmology of Process According to Shaykh Aḥmad al-Ahsā'ī, Critical Edition, Translation and Analysis of Observations in Wisdom. A Dissertation submitted to the Dept. of Philosophy of State University of New York at Buffalo in partial requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.  Copyright UMI 1998. UMI Number 9833596  pp.xviii + Critical edition pp. 419-520 + Appendix, A- The Autograph Manuscript of the al-Fawā'id al-Ḥikmiyya ("Observations in Wisdom"), pp. 506-536; Appendix B Glossary [of technical terms] 537-563+ Bibliography, 564-71. 

The Abstract of this thesis reads as follows: ADD

 

Ibrāhīmī, Ḥajjī Abul-Qasim Khān Kirmānī (d. 1389/1969).

= ابراهيمى، ابو القاسم خان = ابو القاسم بن زين العابدين بن كريم

The Fihrist (Index) of Abū al-Qāsim Khān Ibrāhīmī..

    

  • فهرست كتب شيخ اجل اوحد مرحوم شيخ احمد احسائى و ساير مشايخ عظام و خلاصه شرح احوال ايشان 
    Fihrist-i kutub-i shaykh-i ajall-i awhad-i marḥūm Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsāʼī va sāyir mashāyikh-i `iẓām va khulāsah-i sharḥ-i aḥvāl-i īshān.
  • Fihrist-i kutub-i shaykh-i ajall-i awhad-i marḥūm Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsāʼī va sāyir mashāyikh-i `iẓām va khulāsah-i sharḥ-i aḥvāl-i īshān. 3rd ed.,  Chāpkhānah-i Saʻādat, 1974.
  • Fihrist-i kutub-i Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsā'ī va sā`ir mashāyik-i `izām. 3rd ed. Kirman: : Chāpkhānah-i Saʻādat, 1977. 653pp (+3pp of errata).
  • Fihrist-i kutub-i Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsā'ī  va sā`ir  mashāyik-i `uzām.  3rd ed. Kirman: : Chāpkhānah-i Saʻādat,   / 1977.  653pp (+3pp of errata).

    Partial Annotated Translations

  •  Moojan Momen trans. in BSBM1 = Pt. 1 Shaykh Aḥmad, Fihrist, pp. 220-288, listing 132 items;
  •  Stephen Lambden trans. Pt. II Sayyid Kāẓim, Fihrist, pp. 288-359 listing nos.133-304 (= 171 items) (ongoing; forthcoming). See here at

_______________________________________________________

Isbir. Muhammad Alī,

  • العلامة الجليل أحمد بن زين الدين الاحسائ في دائرة الضوء =   al-`Allāma  al-jalīl  Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn al-Aḥsā'ī fī Dairat al-Daw. 2 vols. in 1  Beirut: Dar al-Aṣāla, 1993.

___________________

al-Iḥqāqī - حسن  ,حائري الاحقاقي

= Āyāt-Allāh, al-Shaykh al-Mīrzā Ḥasan al-Ḥāʼirī al-Iḥqāqī  (b. Karbala 1896 d. Add 2000). (b. Karbala [Iraq] 2nd Muḥarram 1314 / 13th June  1896- d. 14th Ramadan 1421, 11th December 2000). 

  • al-Iḥqāqī, [al-Uskū'ī],  Āyāt-Allāh, al-Shaykh al-Mīrzā Ḥasan ibn al-Shaykh al-Mīrzā Mūsā ibn al-Shaykh al-Mīrzā  Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Salīm al-Uskū'ī al-Ḥā`iri [ al-Iḥqāqī, al-Uskū'ī].

A prodigiously clever child  Mīrzā Ḥasan  al-Ihqāqī, al-Uskū'ī was studying the Qur'an and Arabic grammar aged six and  reading the Persian Gulistan of Sa`di and more besides,  at age seven. He early visited al-Aḥsā (in Eastern Saudi `Arabia) with his brother Mīrzā Ḥasan `Alī who also took him (when aged 16) to Najaf (Iraq) where they both resided. At  the age of thirty Shaykh Mīrzā Ḥasan al-Iḥqāqī obtained ijtihād, he became a twelver Shi`i mujtahid like his father, grandfather and brother. In 1348/1930 he traveled to Uskū (S. of Tabriz, in Persian Adhirbayjān, NW Persia) where his grandfather had resided and where he lived for roughly six years. Around the time of WWII he lived for five years in Mashad (Iran) after which he returned to Tabriz where he taught and, among other things, renovated the Mosque of his grandfather Hujjat al-Islam Mamaqani (=? Mīrzā  Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Salim al-Uskū'ī al-Ḥā`iri, Tabrizi ? d. 1303/1885?). 

It was on his brother Mīrzā Ḥasan `Alī 's death in Kuwait in Ramadan 1384 / January 1965 that   Mīrzā Ḥasan al-Iḥqāqī  was begged to remain in this country by devoted Shi`i followers. This he did in the light of the internationalism of this country and from there he guided a vast number of Shi`i Muslims (in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi `Arabia [al-Ahsa, etc] India, Pakistan, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey as well as parts of Africa, America and Australia, etc) and engaged in various educational and charitable activities.   ADD  (see al-Taliqani, al-Shaykhiyya, 20002;  Letter from the Shi`ites, 7ff  ADD).

Shaykh al-Mīrzā Ḥasan Iḥqāqī   authored many books in Arabic and Persian  one of which has been translated into English, his Persian Nāmih-Shi`ayan  which was compiled in Mashad in 1363/1942 and first published there in 1366/1945 (2nd printing in 1369/1948 and 3rd in 1397/1976). The English translation was entitled `Letter From the Shi`ites' San Rafael (California, USA): The Islamic Foundation, 1983. ISBN 0-9610614-0-5. Hbk. 221pp. This work contains a few biographical notices.  ADD.......

For some further details see Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī, al-Taḥqīq fī madrasa  al-awḥad,  pp. 33-40 where a 13 of his works are listed.

Add further works of  حسن  ,حائري الاحقاقي =

Ḥasan Ḥāʼirī al-Iḥqāqī + Rāḍī Nāṣir Salmān

  • حل مشكلات شرح الزيارة الجامعة الكبيرة للشيخ الاوحد الاحسائي  =   Ḥall mushkilāt Sharḥ al-Ziyārah al-jāmiʻa  al-kabīrah lil-Shaykh al-Awḥad al-Aḥsāʼī .  Beirut : Muʼassasat Fikr al-Awḥad : Muʼassasat al-Balāgh, 2003. 143pp.

al-Ḥajji Mīrzā Mūsā al-Iḥqāqī  al-Ḥā`irī al-Uskū'ī  (b. Karbala 25th Shawwal 1279/ 15th April, 1863 - d.  ADD 5th Ramadan 1364/ 14th August 1945)

 

  •  Ihqāq al-ḥaqq ("The Verification of the Real Truth") Ed./ Pub. Āyāt-Allāh al-Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī  4th ed [printing], Kuwait: Jāmi` al-Imam al-Sādiq, 1421/2000. HBk. pp.643+ (index) pp.645-661. (1st printed in Najaf in 1343/1924-5).
  • Available at:

A massive Arabic defense and exposition of early Shaykhī doctrinal and theological perspectives, including al-Ma`ād (Eschatology) and the nature of the Mi`rāj of the prophet Muhammad... General Index pp.1-14, prolegomenon to the 2nd ed. with an Arabic account of the life of the author by his son Āyāt-Allāh al-Ḥajji Mīrzā `Ali b. Mūsā  al-Ḥā`irī with a list of 16 his mostly Arabic (and Persian) writings, pp. 15-28 (+ picture, p.17 see above) which include a translation from into Arabic of Sayyid Kāẓim Rashti's Persian Uṣūl al-aqā'id ("Doctrinal Fundamentals",  see p.22).  This writer was the son of   Āyāt-Allāh al-Ḥajji Mīrzā Mūsā  Khallaf  Āyāt-Allāh Ākhund Mīrzā Bāqir al-Uskū'ī  (d. 1301/1883-4...)...  ADD and check details...

See further al-Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī, al-Taḥqīq fī madrasa,  pp. 76 (see above =photo) - 83. On page 78 of this latter Arabic work fifteen of his works are listed.

Ibrahimi,  Ḥajjī Abul-Qasim Khān Kirmānī (d. 1389/1969) See under Kirmani and Fihrist.

عبد الرسول الاحقاقي الحائري

al-Ihqāqī, Āyāt-Allāh al-Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ḥā`irī (b. Kuwait 1348/1927[8] - d. ADD 1424/2003)...

Demise of Mirza Abdul Rasul al Ihqaqi (QS)

 

 

 

 

Demise of Mirza Abdul Rasul al Ihqaqi (QS)

  • al-Ihqāqī,  Āyāt-Allāh al-Ḥajji Mīrzā `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ḥā`iri  (b. Kuwait  1927 d. 2 Shawwal 1424/ 26 November 2003), son of Āyāt-Allāh, al-Shaykh al-Mīrzā Ḥasan al-Ihqāqī, [al-Uskū'ī] (see above).

This learned Shi`i-Shaykhī lived in Ādhirbayjān for many years before he, along with his father and uncle, became a leading figure in the Kuwaiti centered branch of Shi`i / Shaykhis. He became an expert  Arabic writer, editor (and publisher)  of several Shaykhi books including new editions of Arabic works of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i and Sayyid Kazim Rashti. In  a few publications his photograph appears alongside  these two foundational  figures (see above).  For notice and some details of these publications of writings of the first two founders of Shaykhism see the bibliographical URLs to  on this site ......

A short  Arabic (10 or so page) life of `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī by Tawfiq Nāṣir al- ADD-Albu `Ali (?), can be found at the Kuwaiti Shaykhī URL (zip downloadable) :  http://www.alahsai.net/lib/   (4th item listed).

`Abd al-Rasūl al-Ḥā`irī al-Ihqāqī

 

 

 

 

  • al-Taḥqīq fī madrasa  al-awḥad (Pt. 1) ("The Verified realization of the most singular [Shaykhī] Madrasa [School]") Dawlat al-Kuwait: Jāmi` al-Imam al-Muhammadādiq, 2nd ed. Pbk. 1424/2003. 284pp.+285-293 (= sources and index). A very useful (and b&w picture-rich) synopsis of many of the key Shi`i-Shaykhī individuals prominent in    Adhirbayjan, NW Iran  and of Tabrizi roots.

 

  • Tawḍīḥ al-wāḍiḥāt : rudūd ʻalá iʻtirāḍāt al-Sayyid Burqaʻī ḥawla fikr al-Shaykh al-Aḥsāʼī ed. ʻAbd al-Rasūl Ḥāʼirī; Rāḍī Nāṣir Salmān : Beirut : Muʼassasat Fikr al-Awḥad, 2003. 223pp.

____________

Jalali, Aflaton. 
•The Shaykhīya of Ḥājjī  Muhammad Karīm Khān Kirmānī.

A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, Dept. of Near Eastern Studies, 1982.  vi pp.+260 pp+ pp. 261-75 [list of sources]. A thesis In seven chapters. The granting of this doctorate  was rescinded after complaints of plagiarism from the thesis of Denis MacEoin....

محمد علي الكشميري

Kashmīrī, Mullā Muhammad `Alī ( XXX-XXX = 1844-1891-2).

كتاب نجوم السماء في تراجم العلماء  = Kitāb nujūm al-samāʼ fī tarājim al-ʻulamāʼ

  • [Kitab] Nujūm al-samā'.  Lucknow: ADD,  1303/1885-6.  pp. 367-74 on Shaykh Ahmad.
  • Kitāb nujūm al-samāʼ fī tarājim al-ʻulamāʼ. Qum: Maktabat Baṣīratī, 1974. 
  • Kitāb nujūm al-samāʼ fī tarājim al-ʻulamāʼ. Qum: Maktabat Baṣīratī, 1396/1976. [Persian]. 
  • Kitāb nujūm al-samāʼ fī tarājim al-ʻulamāʼ. ed. Shihāb al-Dīn Marʻashī Najafī. Qum: Maktabat Baṣīratī, XXXX/198?.

إسماعيل بن أسد الله. كاظمي 

Kāẓimi, Ismāʻīl ibn Asad Allāh  + Rāḍī Nāṣir Salmān

  • دفاع عن الشيخ الأوحد الأحسائي : حول المعاد، المعراج، العلة الفاعلية =  Difāʻ ʻan al-Shaykh al-Awḥad al-Aḥsāʼī : ḥawla al-maʻād, al-Miʻrāj, al-ʻillah al-fāʻiliyya.    Ismāʻīl ibn Asad Allāh Kāẓimī; Rāḍī Nāṣir Salmān. Damascus : Muʼassasat Fikr al-Awḥad, 2004.  136pp.

Khalafī,   ʻAbd al-ʻAẓīm ibn Badawī Khalafi -  ‏‏خلفي، عبد العظيم بن بدوي

  • ‏‏الأربعون المنبرية :‏ ‏‏شرح أربعين حديثا من جوامع الكلم  ‏ =  al-Arbaʻūn al-manbariȳya : sharḥ Arbaʻūn ḥadīthan min Jawāmiʻ al-kalim. Dimyāṭ : Dār Ibn Rajab, 1996. 381pp.  Apparently a commentary on 40 Hadith from the Jawāmiʻ al-kalim compilation of Shaykh Ahmad's writings.

Kirmani : Ḥajji Mirza Muhammad Karīm Khān Kirmānī (d. 1288/1871) and his successors have the (place) Kirmani and/ or (desent) Ibrahami  as personal indicators. The Kirmani Shaykhī leaders derive this aspect of their name  from the above first Kirmani leader. On these six or eight or so persons and their writings see this main new UC-Merced Shaykhism and related pages and the URLs given there..

The six [eight] Kirmani Shaykhi leaders derive this from the ist Kirmani Shaykhi leader.

Karīm Khān Kirmānī   was the son of Ibrāhīm Khān Ẓahīr al-Dawla (d. 1240/1824-5), a cousin and son-in-law of Fatḥ `Ali Shāh (1771-1834), the second Qajar Shah who ruled from 1797 until 1834.  Kirmani's father was at one time the governor of Khurasan and later, for the last 21 years of his life, was governor of Kirmān and Baluchistan (Raḍawī, Tadhkirat al-awlīyā,  56 ref.  MacEoin, 1982). He apparently had forty wives and something like 20 sons and 21 daughters. The mother of Kirmani, who gave birth to him on 18 Muḥarram 1225/ 23rd February 1810 was the daughter of Mīrzā Raḥīm the mustawfi  of Tiflis (ibid, 8+refs.).... ADD  

Karīm Khān Kirmānī  clalmed leadership of the Shaykhī school after the passing of Sayyid Kazim Rashti (d.1259[60]/ 1843[4]) its second leader. He very early on rejected the messianic and related claims of the Sayyid `Ali Muhammad (1819-1850) the Bāb  in his   رساله ازهاق الباطل فى رد  البابيه     Risāla izhāq al-bāṭil fī radd al-bābiyya   ("The Crushing of Falsehood in Refutation of Bābism") and produced a dozen or more anti-Babi-Baha'i tracts and works. See ADD

His Kirmani based Shaykhi descendants and successors who headed the Persian Kirmani Shaykhi branch are all decendants of :

  • [II] or [IV].  Āqā Ḥajjī Muhammad Khan Kirmānī (d.1323/1906). The 2nd Kirmānī Shaykhī leader.
  • [III] or [V]. Zayn al-`Abidin Khān Ibrahīmī, Kirmānī (d. 1360/1941). The 3rd Kirmānī Shaykhī leader.
  • [IV] or [VI].  Ḥajjī Abul-Qasim Khān al-Ibrahīmī, Kirmānī (d. 1389/1969). The 4th Kirmānī Shaykhī leader.
  • [V] or [VII]. Ḥajjī `Abd al-Riḍā' Khān al-Ibrahīmī (d. 1400/1979). The 5th Kirmānī Shaykhī leader. 
  • [VI] or [VIII]. Ḥajjī `Sayyid `Ali Mūsāwī al-Ḥifzih Khān (d. ADD ). The 6th Kirmānī Shaykhī leader.

For details of publications of these Kirmani Shaykhi leaders see the main Shaykhism page and associated links. 

al-Khwānsārī, Mīrzā Muhammad Bāqir al-Mūsawī (1811-1895). Born Khwānsār, 27 Safar  1226/ 23rd March 1811. Died 8th Jamadī I 1313 / 27 October 1895.

al-Khwānsārī moved in late 1253/ 1838 to Najaf.   He wrote around 20 (largely Arabic and a few Persian) works mostly relating to Shī`ī  doctrine, ethics and legalism ( aqā'id, adab, fiqh uṣūl al-fiqh...). His frequently printed   8 volume rijāl  work contains an important section on Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī. Only a few editions can be mentioned here:

  •  Rawḍāt al-jannat fī aḥwāl al-`ulamā' wa'l-sādāt.  Tehran: xxx. 1304/1887.
  •  Rawḍāt al-jannat fī aḥwāl al-`ulamā' wa'l-sādāt.  8 vols. Tehran: xxx. 1390-2/1970-2.
  •  Rawḍāt al-jannat fī aḥwāl al-`ulamā' wa'l-sādāt.  8 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Islamiyya. 1411/1991.  In this recent Beirut edition the section on `...Shaykh  Aḥmad ibn Shaykh Zayn al-Dīn ibn Shaykh Ibrāhīm al-Aḥsā'ī'  is in vol.1 section 22, spanning pp. 97-103.  

Khurāsānī, Maḥmūd "Shahābī"
 

  •  النظرة الدقيقة في قاعدة بسيط الحقيقة  =  al-Naẓrah al-daqīqah fī qāʻidat basīṭ al-ḥaqīqa. Tehran: Anjuman-i Shāhanshāhī-i Falsafahʼi Irān, 1396/1976. Refers to the view of Shaykh Ahmad. In Persian. xx+192pp.

Lambden, Stephen N.,

Within various chapters of his unpublished doctoral thesis. See  URL. Shaykhi materials are discussed and registered at some points. Chapter 6 is entitled `The Bible and Isrā'īliyyāt in Early Shaykhism'...  See also the translations to be posted on this Website including ongoing translations from the works of  Shaykh Ahmad and Sayyid Kazim Rashti, etc .There is also the unpulished 1991 paper:  

  • `A Note on the background and Bābī-Bahā'ī exegesis of the Name (Ar.) Mūsā (= Moses)  with reference to the Sharḥ al-qaṣīda al-lāmiyya  of  Sayyid Kāzim Rashtī (d. 1260/1844)'.  Bi-Annual Bahā'ī-Religious Studies Seminar [Newcastle upon Tyne] 1990.

On this website can also be found a small, unrevised portion of a longer monograph on Biblical and Abrahamic cosmology and its influenceas upon Shi`i-Shaykhi gnosis entitled:

  • `The Hebrew, Judaic roots of the Ishrāqī-Shaykhī term  هورقليا  hawaqalyā / hūrqalyā'   [in progress]

Lawson, B. Todd.

  •  "Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Twelver Shi'ism: Ahmad al-Ahsa'l Fayd Kashani (the  Risalat al-'Ilmiyya),"  in  Religion and Society in Qajar Iran  ed,  Robert Gleave, London & New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005, pp. 127-54.
  •  `Ahmad al-Ahsa'i on Fayḍ Kashani (the Risalat `Ilmiyya)' Ch.7  (pp. 137-154) in Robert Gleave ed. Religion and Society in Qajar Iran, 2005.

MacEoin, Denis, M.

  •  From Shaykhism to Babism: A Study in Charismatic Renewal in Shí'i Islam. Ph.D. Thesis Cambridge, 1979. pp.vii+230+bib. pp. 230-240.

A doctoral thesis submitted by MacEoin (Faculty of Oriental Studies King's College, University of Cambridge), in July 1979. This thesis contains  (after the Preface, Acknowledgements, List of Abbreviations and Introduction) six chapters: (1) The Religious Background, 6-49 (2) Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī, 50-94 (3) Sayyid Kāẓim Rashtī, 96-124 (4) From Shaykhism to Babism, 126-155 (5) Some Aspects of Early Babi Doctrine, 156-183  and (6)The Babi Da`wa among the Shaykhis and the Break with Shaykhism, 185-229.
 This thesis has recently been published as part I of the compilation of MacEoin's literary output entitled `The Messiah of Shiraz' Add.

 
  •  "Early Shaykhí Reactions to the Báb and His Claims," in Moojan Momen (ed.), Studies in Bábí and Bahá'í History, (Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1982) volume 1 pp. 1-47.
  • `Shaykhism' in L.P. Elwell-Sutton (ed), A Bibliographical Guide to Iran.  Brighton & Totowa, 1983, pp. ADD
  • "Changes in Charismatic Authority in Qajar Shi ism", in l\. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand (edd.), Qajar Iran: Political, Social and Cultural Change, Edinburgh, EUP, 1983, pp. 148-76.
  • `Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Nineteenth-Century Shi`ism: The Cases of Shaykhism and Babism' in JAOS 110/ No.2 April-June, 1990, pp. 323-329.  The synoptic heading preceding the article reads as follows:

`Discussions of orthodoxy and heterodoxy presuppose a dichotomy of major proportions. In reality, things are never so simple: relations between opposing viewpoints are characterized by dynamism rather than static confrontation. In a sense, heterodox movements may often be no more than extreme expressions of orthodox values.

In the case of Islam, the most extreme expression of an "orthodox" verses  "heterodox" antagonism is provided by the emergence of Baha'ism as a distinct religion from an originally orthodox Shi`i matrix. An examination of the antecedents of Baha'ism in the nineteenth century -- Shaykhism and Bābism-- shows the way in which heterodoxy was, in a sense, a development of orthodox belief, rather then an aberration.' (p.323).

  •  `Changes in charasmatic Authority in Qajar Shi`ism' in Qajar Iran: Political, Social and Cultural Change, 1800-1925.  Ed. E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand (Edinburgh: ADD, 1983), pp.148-176. 
  • 'Hierarchy, Authority and Eschatology in Early Babi Thought', in P. Smith (ed.), In Iran, Los Angeles, Kalimat Press, 1986, pp. 95-155.
  • The Sources for Early Babi Doctrine and History. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992.
  •  Ritual in Babism and Baha'ism, Pembroke Papers, Pembroke College, Cambridge) published I. B. Tauris, London, 1994.
  • "The Trial of the Bāb: Shi'ite orthodoxy confronts its mirror image", in Carole Hillenbrand (ed.) Studies in Honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth 2 The Sultan'» Turret (Brill, 2000), pp. 272-317.
  • "The Babi Concept of Holy War", Religion, 12 (1982): 93-129.
  • "Some Baha'i and Shaykhi Interpretations of 'The mystery of reversal' ", Baha'i Studies Bulletin 1:1 (1982), pp. 11-23.
  • "From Babism to Baha'ism: problems of militancy, quietism and conflation in the construction of a religion", Religion 13 (1983): 219-255.

The messiah of Shiraz : studies in early and middle Babism

  •  The Messiah of Shiraz, Studies in Early and Middle Babism. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009. Essentisl for the study of Shaykhism and Babism this weighty tome includes most of MacEoin's writings relating to Shaykhism including his 1979 Ph.D thesis with some updating and most of his EI2 and EIr. articles.

MacEoin: Shaykhi and related articles in EI2, EI3 & EIr.

  • 'al-Aḥsā'ī, Shaykh Aḥmad b. Zayn al-Dīn'. in Enc. Iranica vol. 1:  674-679. 
  • `Balasari' Enc. Iranica vol. 3 pp. 583-585.
  • Cosmology  vii - In Shaykhism', Enc. Iranica Vol. 6 : 326-328.
  • 'Rashtī, Sayyid Kāẓim ' EI2 vol. VIII (Leiden: Brill, 1995) pp. 450-451.
  • 'Shaykhiyya' EI2 vol. IX (Leiden: Brill, 1997) pp. 403-405.
  • Baraghānī, Molla Mohammad Taqī' EI2 vol.  III (Leiden: Brill, 1995), 740.
  • "The Fate of Mullā 'Alî Bastāmī", Baha'i Studies Bulletin, 2:1 (1983), 77.
  • "Shaikh Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Din Ahsā'ī", EIr X ADD.
  • "Bāb, Sayyed 'Alî Mohammad Shīrāzī", EIr X ADD..
  • "Babism: і The Bābī Movement', EIr X ADD..
  • "Babism: ii Bābī Executions and Uprisings', EIr X ADD..
  • "Azali Babism", EIr X ADD..
  • "Bayan", EIr X ADD..
  • "Baha'i and Bābī Schisms', EIr X ADD..
  • "Bālāsarī", EIr X ADD..
  • "Shaykhi Cosmology", EIr X ADD..
  • "Shaykhism", EI2 X: ADD., 1996, Leiden, Hrill, pp. 403-5.
  •  "Kurrat al-'Ayn" (with L. P. Elwell Sutton), EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Abd al-Kezā Khan Ebrāhmii", EIr X ADD..
  • "Abū'l-Qāsem Khān Ebrāhīmī', EIr X ADD..
  •  "Mollā 'All Bestāmī", EIr X ADD..
  • "Bāb" (general term), EIr X ADD.. .
  • "Badi Calendar", EIr X ADD..
  • "Mollā Mohammad 'Alî Qoddus Bārforūshī", EIr X ADD..
  • "Mollā Mohammad Hosayn Boshru'i". EIr X ADD..
  • "Mollā Mohammad Taqi Baraghānī", EIr X ADD..
  • "Mazhar", EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsā'ī", in J.R. Hinnells (ed.) Who's Who of Religions, Mac- Millan, London, 1991.
  • "Ali Muhammad Shirazi the Bāb', in J.R. Hinnells (ed.) Who's Who of Religions, MacMillan, London, 1991. . "Qurrat al-'Ayn", in J.R. Hinnells (ed.) Who's Who of Religions, MacMillan, London, 1991.
  • "Şubh-i Azal", in J.R. Hinnells (ed.) Who's Who of Religions, MacMillan, London, 1991.
  • "Muhammad Husayn Bushrū'ī", in EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Muhammad 'Alī Bārfurūshī", in EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Muhammad 'Ali Zanjānī", in EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Nuktat al-kaf", in EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Sābikūn", in EI2 X: ADD..
  • "Qurrat al-'Ayn", in The Encyclopaedia of Censorship (2001).
  • "Babis", in Jack Goldstone (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions, Washington D.C., 1998.
  • "Questions of Sayyid Muhammad Shīrāzī, Uncle of the Bāb."Translations of Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Texts vol. 1, no. 2 (June, 1997). Available online at: www.h-net .org/~bahai/trans/iqanques.htm.
  • "The Persian Bayan of Sayyid 'Alî Muhammad Shīrāzī, the Bāb." [A partial transla tion.] Translations of Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Texts vol. 1, no. 4 (July, 1997). Available online at:www.h-net.org/~bahai/trans/bayan/bayan.htm.
  • "The Identity of the Bāb's "Lawh-i hurufat'", Baha'i Studies Bulletin, 2:1 (1983),  78-79.
  • "Aspects of Militancy and Quietism in Shi'i Islam", British Society for Middle East Studies Bulletin, 11:1 (1984), 18-27.
  • "Nineteenth-Century Babi Talismans", Studia Iranica 14:1 (1985), 77-98.
  • "Divisions and Authority Claims in the Babi Community, 1850-1866", Studia Iranica, 18 (1989): 93-129.

Maḥūẓ. Ḥusayn `Alī (ed.)

  • 1376/1957  Hadirat al-shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī. Baghdad: Maṭba'at al-ma'ārif. (pp.24).Copy in Univ. Toronto - call number = BP80 A4677 M3. This Arabic work consists of 2 short autobiographical pieces by Shaykh Aḥmad himself. They can also be found printed in the Kirmani,  Fihrist.

Māmaqānī and the Shaykhis of Tabrīz.

See Mirza Hasan Gawhar... Māmaqānī,

Shaykh Muhammad [Ḥujjat al-Islam]  ibn Ḥusayn ibn  Zayn al-Ābidīn ibn `Alī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Māmaqānī (d.1269/1852)

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Māmaqānī , Mīrzā Muhammad Ḥusayn [Ḥujjat al-Islam], (d. 1303/1885).

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Shaykh Muhammad Taqī, Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī (b. Tabriz 1248/1832 -- d.  ADD 11th Ramadan 1312/ 8th March 1895),

 

 

 

Pages scanned from `Abd al-Rasūl al-Ihqāqī, al-Taḥqīq fī madrasa.. (Pt.1) 60-61

Māmaqānī,  Shaykh Ismā'īl  Muhammad [Ḥujjat al-Islam],  (d.1317/1899)

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Māmaqānī, Mīrzā Abu'l-Qāsim [Ḥujjat al-Islam] Māmaqānī (d.1362/1943)

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Mu`īn, Muhammad.

  •  "Havaqalya" in Majallih-i Dānishkada-i Adabiyyāt. vol. 1/3 (1333 Sh./ 1954). pp.78-105. 

Momen, Moojan, (Independent scholar, momen@northill.demon.co.uk )

Momen includes a brief account of the Shaykhī school in  his An Introduction to Shí'í Islam, (Oxford: George Ronald, 1985) pp. 225-31.

  •  A Bibliography of Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsā'ī  based upon the Fihrist-i kutub-i  mashāyik-i `izām. (3rd ed. Kirman: Chapkhanih Sa`adat, [1977]) of `Abu'l-Qāsim b. Zayn al-`Ābidīn Khān  al-Kirmānī. Bahā'ī Studies Bulletin Monograph No.1 (ed. Stephen Lambden. 1st published, Hurqalya Publications: Newcastle upon Tyne,1983)   xxx pp. ADD. An on-line slightly updated version will  appear on this website by 2015.
  • `Usuali, Akhabri, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family' in `The Journal for the Society for Iranian Studies', Iranian Studies vol. 36/3 (Sept. 2003) 317-337.

An examination of the checkered religious stance of the Baraghani family of Qazvīn from which the Shaykhi then Bābī scholar, writer and poetess Ṭāhirih, Qurrat al-`Ayn (d. 1852)  emerged.

Naqvi, Syed Hussain Arif.

  •  `The Controversy about the Shaikhiyya Tendency among Shia `ulamā' in Pakistan' pp. 135-149 in Brunner & Ende, The Twelver Shia -- see below. Also of central interest is the article by Guido Steinberg `The Shi`ites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (al-Aḥsā), 1913-1953' in ibid. pp. 236-254. 

Louise, Alphonse,  Daniel  (A. L. M.) Nicolas  (b. Rasht [Persia] 1864- d. Paris 1937).  The son of Louis Jean Baptiste Nicholas (1814-1875) of the French consular service. See http://library.bahai.org/sc/nic2.html

 

 

SEE MAIN PAGE B.

Rafati, Vahid.

  • The Development of Shaykhi Thought in Shi'i Islam. Ph.D. diss. Univ. Calif.  at Los Angeles, 1979. xxx pp.

Şadr, Aḥmad + Kamran Fānī + Bahā' al-Dīn Khurramshāhī (eds.),

  •  Dā'irat al-mu`ārifiyyīn tashayu` ["Encyclopedia of the Shi`a" ]  Vol.1 = [Entries] Āb-Iḥyā.  Tehran: Charity and Cultural Foundation, 1369 Sh. /1991.This Persian Encyclopedia contains the entry  `al-Ahsā'ī,  Shaykh Aḥmad (1166-1241)' pp. 500-501.

Ṣāliḥ, Aḥmad `Abd al-Hādī al-Muhammad Ṣāliḥ.  صالح، أحمد عبد الهادي المحمّد 

•أعلام مدرسة الشيخ الأوحد في القرن الثالث عشر الهجري    =   Alʻām madrasat al-shaykh al-Awḥad fī al-qarn al-thālith aʻshar al-Hijrī,  Beirut : Dār al-Maḥajja al-Bayḍāʼ, 2006. 584pp.

  • Masāʼil ḥawla al-ḥaqīqah al-Muḥammadiyya  : ajwibat masāʼil al-Mullā Rashīd by Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Aḥsāʼī, ed. Aḥmad `Abd al-Hādī al-Muhammad Ṣāliḥ  : Ḥārat Ḥurayk /  Dār al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʼ, 2006. 63pp.

Sarḥadī, Āg̲h̲ā Mubīn Sarḥadī 

  •  Taz̲kirah-yi Shaik̲h̲ulauḥad Shaik̲h̲ Aḥmad Aḥsāʼī ḥaqāʼiq kī raushnī men̲. Faiṣalābād : Muballig̲h̲-i Aʻẓam Akaiḍmī, 1980. In Urdu. 224 pp., + one leaf of plates. 

Scarcia, G.

  •  `Kerman 1905: La`guerra tra  Šeiḫī e Bālāsarī' ' in Annali del Instituto Universatario Orientale de Napoli.  N.S. 13 1966 pp.195-238.
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 Scholl, Steve.

  •  `SHAYKHĪYAH' in Mircea Eliade et al. ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion  Vol. 13 pp. 230-233.

طالاني، محمد حسن.

al-Ṭāliqānī [al-Najafī],  Sayyid Muhammad Ḥasan ibn `Abd al-Rasūl ibn Mashkūr al-Ḥusaynī, al-Ṭāliqānī, al-Najafī. (b. Najaf, 1350/1931 d. ADD)

 

 

 

 

  • الشيخية : نشأتها وتطورها ومصادر دراستها 
  • al-Shaykhiyya, nasha'āthā wa taṭawwūrhā wa maṣādir dirāsathā  nishāti-hā  ("Shaykism, its origins, its evolution and the sources for  its study") Beirut: al-Ṭaba`at al-Alwaī, 1420/1999. 409pp. Index pp. 406-409.  This work was apparently completed by the author in 1394/1974 and the ms. placed on one of the shelves of his library....    Contents =
  • •Prolegomenon and preliminaries including a few pages on the Akhbārī and Uṣūlī  Shi`i factions and the Bābī and Bahā'ī religions...  pp.7-29.
  • Pt. 1 The development of thought within Shī`īsm in the 13th cent. AH....  pp.31-52
  • Pt. II Shaykh  Aḥmad-i Ahsā'ī  pp. 53-113.
  • Pt. III Sayyid Kazim Rashti pp.117-173.
  • Pt. IV [Post al-Ahsā'ī] Shaykhī factions and the proliferation of leadership claimants is discussed on pp.175-221. Included are details regarding Shaykh Ḥasan G[J]awhar and about the Shaykhis of Tabrīz, including the role of Shaykh Muhammad Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī, or  Shaykh Muhammad  ibn Ḥusayn ibn  Zayn al-Ābidīn ibn `Alī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Māmaqānī (d.1269/1852) as well as  Mīrzā Muhammad Ḥusayn Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī (d. 1303/1885), Shaykh Muhammad Taqī Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī (1248-1312/1832-1895), Shaykh Ismā'īl  Muhammad Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī (d.1317/1899) and Mīrzā Abu'l-Qāsim Ḥujjat al-Islam Māmaqānī (d.1362/1943)... Details are also set out regarding the Kirmani Shaykhi leaders from Hajji Mirza Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani (No. III) until Abu'l-Qāsim Khān Ibrāhīmi  (d.1389/1969) and Hajji `Abd al-Riḍā Khān Ibrahami and the Iraqi Shaykhi leader Sayyid `Abd-Allah al-Mūsawī (b. 1314/1899-----)..
  • Pt. V  deals with the designations and doctrinal idiosyncrasies of the Shaykhī school including bodily return (at the eschaton), 239f; the nature of the Mi`raj of the Prophet Muhammad 273f; the alleged ghuluww ("extremist") opinions, p.281ff and the issue of the `speaking Imam' and the rukn al-rabi` (Fourth Pillar/Support). 298ff.

Following the author's conclusion (pp. 333-350) there is a lengthy bibliography (pp.351-405) divided up into Arabic works (355 items) and then Persian writings (61 items) many of which have a direct or indirect bearing upon Shaykhi history and doctrine. There follows another two useful alphabetical bibliographies of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsā'ī (pp. 375-389) and (another for)  Sayyid Kāẓim Rashtī (pp.391-405).

  •  الشيخية : نشأتها وتطورها ومصادر دراستها  =   al-Shaykhīyah : nashʼatuhā wa-taṭawwuruhā wa-maṣādir dirāsatihā. Beirut : al-Āmāl lil-Maṭbūʻāt, 1999.

Muḥammad Ḥasan Ṭāliqānī /  Muḥammad Ḥasan Āl al-Ṭāliqānī
الشيخية : نشأتها وتطورها ومصادر دراستها = 

  • al-Shaykhiȳya  : nashʼatuhā wa-taṭawwuruhā wa-maṣādir dirāsatihā.  Baghdād : Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī, 2007. 409pp.

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Tehranī, Shaykh Muhammad Muḥsin, (1876-1970), known as Āqā Buzurg ("Grandfather")

Born. Tehran, 11th Rabi I 1293/ 6 April 1876.  Died.  13th Dhu'l-Ḥijja  1380 /   20th February 1970 and buried in his private library in Najaf.

Travelled to study at Najaf (Iraq) in 1315/1897 with leading Shī`ī authorities.  In  1329/ 1911 he moved to Kāẓimayn then Sāmarrā (both in Iraq) where he began work on his massive 26 volume (+ vol. 9 in 4 parts) bibliography al-Dharī`a  which has some 42, 440 entries and includes some valuable notices upon Shaykhī and Babi-Baha'i mss and publications.  Āqā Buzurg returned to Najaf in  1353/ 1935 and remained there for most of the rest of his life.

The first volume of al-Dharī`a` appeared in 1355/1937  and the rest  throughout Āqā  Buzurg's lifetime, the last volume being published posthumously by his pupil Sayyid Ahmad Ashkevari.  Eight or more vols. have been published which supplement al-Dharī`a, including al-Mustadarak al-Dharī`a (Supplement to the Dharī`a) by Sayyid `Aziz-Allah Ṭabāṭabā'ī (Qumm: Ahl al-Bayt, ADD) which adds 10,000 entries. Printed fascicles of al-Dharī`a ilā taṣānīf al-shi`a.  began to appear in Najaf [Tehran] from 1335/1936 onwards.

  •  al-Dharī`a ilā taṣānīf al-shi`a. 
  • al-Dharī`a ilā taṣānīf al-shi`a. 3rd printing al-Dharī`a ilā taṣānīf al-shi`a.  26 (+) vols. Beirut: Dar al-aḍwā'   1983/1403.

Āqā Buzurg Tehrani also wrote his rijal  volume, the Ṭabaqāt a`lām al-shi`a  ("Generations of the Learned among the Shi`a"). This bibliography was due to span the 4th cent. AH/ 12th cent. CE until the mid. 20th cent. CE though only 6 vols. dealing with the learned of the 13th and 14th centuries AH were published.  ADD. See furthwr on Āqā Buzurg Tehrani see, for example,  Hamid Algar,  Āqā Bozorg Tehrānī, EIr. 2:169-170; Sayyid `Alī Shahbāz, Islamic Personalities (3) `Shaykh Aqa Buzurg Tehrani', in Thaqalayn 4:3-4 Autumn & Winter, 1419/ 1998-9, pp. 87-102.....

Tunukabūnī, Mirza Muḥammad ibn Sulaymān (c. 1234-1302 AH =1819-1884 CE).

  • Qiṣas al‑`ulamā. 1st ed.  [Tehran] n.p. n.d. [1887-8]. On Shaykh Ahmad see pp. 
  •  Kitāb Qiṣaṣ al-'ulamā'.  Tehran: Kitab-Furūshī-i `Ilmiyya-yi Islāmiyya . n. d. [1887-8?] (465 pp.) 
  •  Qiṣas al‑`ulamā.  Tehran:  Islamiyya,  1364/1944??
  •  Qiṣas al‑`ulamā. ed. Muhammad Rida' Barzgar Khaliqi and Uffat Karbasi. Tehran:  Intisharat `Ilmi va Farhang, 1383Sh/2004 (xxxiv+777+1 pp.). On Shaykh Ahmad in this 2004 edition see No. XX pp. ADD. See also pp.  

This important Persian Shi`i  rijāl  book includes a lengthy treatment of Shaykh Aḥmad and his doctrinal position by one sympathetic to his person and teachings. Numerous sometimes bowdlerized editions and Arabic translations of his Qiṣaṣ al-`ulamā'   exist; including,  ADD           

  • Tehran 1319/1901. Ar. trans.  Qiṣaṣ al-`ulamā' . trans by Shaykh   ADD  Beirut: Dar al-Hujjat al-Bayḍā', 1992/1413. pp. 9-490 + index (491-6).

Zarandī, Muhammad, Nabil-i A`ẓam. (d. Acre 1892).

 

 

 

 

 

The bulky Persian Tarikh-i Zarandī  in a partial  edition and Eng. trans. by Shoghi Effendi (d.1957),  with the title The Dawn-Breakers, Nabil's Narrative of the Early Days of the Baha'i Revelation (1st ed. 1932), is a recreation of early Shaykhī and Babi history by the Guardian of the Baha'i religion based upon the ms. notes of Zarandī. It opens with a Chapter 1 `The Mission of Shaykh Aḥmad-i Ahsā'ī (pp.1-18)  and continues at Chapter 2 `The Mission of Sayyid Kāẓim-i Rashtī (pp.19-46). Here the twin founders of Shaykhism are pictured as forerunners of the Bāb as the expected messianic Qā'im and of Bahā'-Allāh as the eschatological Qayyūm ("Deity Self-Subsisting").  For On-line versions of Chapters 1 and 2 see